I have so seen this situation before, but doing foster care.
I know he was with his dad, but did he have any groups he was involved with? I would get him into something and quickly.
Does he like sports, animals, video games .. take his interest and get him busy to fill his time.
I know you dont want to be the bad guy, what parent does .. but you are in the parenting business (while the pay isn't great, we are rewarded other ways :))
You will have to let him know structure. Too bad it took 13 years for you to get him, but you will have to make the best out of the time you have. Once you get him involved in a group (or two) in something he enjoys, it will help him focus his attention to a more positive way of thinking and help with some of he negative he has right now.
I have three teen boys right now 17, 15 and 13. I have them in 4-H all year, Youth group every Wed night, Sunday Church and then they are allowed to pick one activity. I actually have one that wants to take Piano, so he does that every week.
You choose some activities and he chooses to .. helps him learn balance and also shows he is NOT in control of everything that he does. He has to learn rules and what is expected of him. I know our schedule is very busy, but I can tell you they are so tired at the end of the day that going to bed isn't an issue. Plus, they look forward to things they have going on the next day and are so ready to get prepared.
Because they are in 4-H, we have two feedings a day to do. Morning and Night. They are responsible for both .. I help out, but they have to be with their animals everyday.
I have found even if they like video games, by being part of a "team" teaches a much greater spirit. I dont agree with the so called experts that say they are burning brain cells on games. I wouldn't allow them to play for 8 hours, but going to a youth meeting and playing video games is quite acceptable to me. There is no "I" in team and being a part of a team, regardless of the type, teaches such values and also makes you feel a sense of belonging. Everyone wants to belong and when kids don't feel they do, is when you get the negative attitude.
For girls that feel that way, I have taken them out to a "ME" day .. go to lunch, shopping, get your hair done .. making someone feel they are so important is such an impact and can change attitudes quickly.
I wish I could be more specific to your needs, but not knowing the whole story, I am being just general. I do hope something I said is helpful and please feel free to come to me anytime. :) I do wish you the best of luck, I know it isn't easy for you. I will pray for strength for you and your hubby. Stand strong.