First, in answer to your question, I would assume the daycare could be held accountable if after an investigation into the matter, they are found to be negligent. If your friend files on their insurance, either the insurance, or possibly the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services, will probably be the ones to make that determination. Of course, if your friend does not agree with their findings, he can always sue them, but I think starting with an insurance claim, and/or getting DFPS involved would be the first steps myself. I mean, technically, he can sue them whenever he wants, even before an investigation, but that seems a little premature in my opinion.
Second, I agree that the daycare should have called the parents with an injury like that in my opinion. I got a phone call from my son's preschool when he complained to his teacher that there was a rock in his nose. They told me they took him to the director who looked in his nose, but by then he told them that it was gone and on the ground in the playground, but they still wanted to call me to let me know so I could check him out when I picked him up. That was just with a possibility of an injury. Something that involved blood, swollen body parts and/or damaged teeth would have been reported by my daycare IMMEDIATELY I think.
I, however, do not agree that the director should not have been apologetic for legal reasons. Did she refuse to give your friend the insurance information? Or did she just give it to him, but blew it off saying something like he was over-reacting? It's hard to tell in your post. It's true that accidents happen, but we expect that the people caring for our children are doing just that, CARING. Not just chalking it up to "accidents happen". Accidents happen at home too. We don't just sit and let our kids bleed on the floor after it happens. There needs to be some CARE involved in dayCARE, and that includes being concerned when a child gets hurt, especially to that degree.
My son was involved in another incident at his preschool where the teacher wasn't watching for only a brief moment so we don't know the whole story about what happened, but the director WAS apologetic about it and they changed their rules so that the teacher would always be present and there wouldn't be an occasion for it to happen again. There was an investigation into the incident by DFPS, which my son's preschool reported the incident themselves. After the investigation, the licensing officer gave guidelines on changes to be made to avoid the incident again, but it found no "negligence" on the part of the teacher or the daycare, which I found acceptable in that case.
Whether or not your friend makes a claim on their insurance, he can still report the incident to DFPS himself, even anonymously if he wishes, and they will investigate it and provide a report to him when the investigation is over.
My guess is the director probably sees more injuries than a typical parent would and may have become desensitized to something that we might find much more traumatic. That doesn't excuse their behavior. It's just insight into why they might not make as big a deal about it as we would. Regardless, if they aren't willing to talk about ways to keep something like that from happening again, I would be taking my child elsewhere toot sweet.
Blessings,
N.