I will preface this response by saying that I am a school administrator who works for the Federal and State department of education. My job is to work with districts who do not make Adequate Yearly Progress per the NCLB and State Performance Plan indicators. Basically... when a bulk of children are unable to meet literacy standards, I work with the district to revamp their curriculum.
The state tests are tied to the Federal No Child Left Behind Act which has mandated that 100% of American students be proficient in reading, writing and math by 2014. Each state is allowed to design their own test, but the assessment must be based on the state's curriculum, which as a result of the Race to the Top (also a Federal project) now involves meeting the requirements of the Common Core Standards (nation-wide).
Contrary to popular beliefs, statewide assessments were not designed to measure individual student progress. They were designed to measure a district's overall curriculum. The assessments were designed to answer the question, "Does your curriculum address the needs of 85% of your students?" Unfortunately, for many districts and states, the answer was "no". Distircts and schools may elect to use the state assessments to identify students in need of remediation or exceleration, but that is NOT the purpose of the statewide assessments.
Many teachers express a need to "teach to the test", but IF they are following a well-written curriculum map and are regularly assessing their students needs they ARE teaching to the "standards" which is then measured by the test. What has happened historically is that teachers across a given state were not reaching end-of-the-year curriculum markers, resulting in groups of students having curriculum "gaps". As teachers have become more familiar with statewide assessments, anxiety has decreased. Some states (like New York and Virginia) have had statewide assessments in place for many, many years and there really isn't the overwhelming anxiety experienced by states who are "new" to assessment.
Teachers need to be implementing methods that are research-based, measurable and effective. While "out-of-the-box" methods sound great, they are very often ineffective (but fun).
Teachers have a wide variety of strategies available to them... I know this b/c it's my job to make sure that they know what is out there. What I find is that many teachers, principals and districts are highly resistant to anything that can be "measured" b/c they are afraid of revealing weaknesses. Bottom line is, though, when the list of districts in need of improvement (DINI) is published each year, those who are unwilling to reflect on their instructional practices and curriculum find themselves "on the list" and have a very hard getting off!
Our teachers deserve far more respect than they get. I have always felt like teachers take the brunt of the arguing b/c most people get to vote on our salaries and our performance is very public. I wish I got to vote on our local highway department b/c our roads are terrible, half of the projects aren't finished and there are typically 5 guys standing and looking at a pothole when you swerve around them... but we don't get to vote on that.
This is the world that we live in today- it's all about accountability and being able to demonstrate progress.
Yes, this is not an issue for private and parochial schools. They do not accept state or federal funding so they do not have to abide by the state and federal regulations. Districts do not receive funding based on test scores- they receive money based on local tax levy, poverty level and other "demographic" items.