You may have broken it. I slammed my foot in a car door and had a hairline fracture of my little toe. Because I was at work I went to the doctor who told me that there was nothing to do for it but to tape it to the next toe and stay off of my feet as much as possible. I had an x-ray because it was work related but otherwise the doctor said he'd do the same thing without an x-ray. Injuries to our toes take a long time healing whether they're a fracture or a sprain.
If you stubbed your toe, I'm guessing you've sprained it. It's OK that you didn't go to the doctor. If you haven't iced it that might help with the swelling and pain. And keep your foot elevated as much as possible. I had to cut a hole in my oldest tennie runners which helped reduce the pain.
I fell and sprained or possibly broke my little finger. Again, nothing to do for it. Thankfully it healed much faster than my toe did. I didn't go to the doctor.