Oh that really sucks. I am a champion crier, it's just how I process emotions. I cry when I'm happy, when I'm sad, when I'm laughing, when I'm tired, when I'm mad - you get the picture. Songs, commercials, movies, books...there I am, sniffling and wiping away tears. I'm also quick to smile and laugh out loud too so I'm not depressed or unstable, I'm just very transparent with how I feel.
I've definitely had times with my boss when I've been frustrated and angry and had to take moment to take a deep breath and hold back tears, or even excuse myself and walk away and have gone to the ladies room to compose myself. I've also left meetings with colleagues that were getting infuriating.
As to how to recover from this, I would just quickly apologize and say something like "I apologize that I got so upset the other day" and then follow that with a plausible excuse like "I was very tired and my emotions got the best of me" or "I was a bit under the weather and just having a couple of off days" but do NOT mention being hormonal. And then let it go.
Then work on recognizing very early on when you're approaching your tipping point. Have some counter-thoughts ready - things that make you laugh or put your in a good mood or help you gain perspective. Literally write these down in a place where you can access them in an emergency - like in your blackberry if it's acceptable to look at that during a meeting or in your notebook or planner if you normally have something that you write in when you're at meetings. If those don't calm the swell, then excuse yourself before you lose control.
Another thing that might help is to have your husband or a close friend role-play your trigger words with you until you are no longer sensitive to them. You sound like someone who takes great pride in her work and that the perception of the quality of your work is a trigger point. So literally, have someone sit with you and say all of those words that you fear and know aren't true (this is sloppy, incomplete, wrong conclusions, doesn't account for x, the methodology is wrong, this can't be right, who the hell did this report?, etc.). I know that when I'm at work and someone questions the quality or integrity of my work product, I do take it personally and my reaction is visceral (I can feel myself getting flushed and agitated and I want to be able to defend my work right then and there) and when I don't get the chance to, I feel like I'm 5 years old again, being reprimanded by my kindergarten teacher. It's humiliating and unfair - but, that kind of thing happens every day when you're dealing with big egos so you have to be able to absorb those blows impersonally and see that the "blamer" is protecting his or her own ego by dismissing your work.